"The most christian of modern political systems": Fascism and catholicism in the political thought of the young San Tiago Dantas
Teoria & Pesquisa: Revista de Ciência Política, São Carlos, v. 32, n. 00, e023023, 2023. e-ISSN: 2236-0107
DOI: https://doi.org/10.14244/tp.v32i00.987 14
exercise secure control over relations between Capital and Labor. It is what is
supported by an expressive policy of great class conciliation. It is what is
expressed through the material and moral energy of the nation (DANTAS,
[1931] 2016, p. 285-286, our translation).
Against the materialism and abandonment of the spiritual sources of life that both
liberalism and communism professed, Dantas believed that the state should be "open to all
popular activities" and take care of the "moral and religious life of the nationality" (DANTAS,
[1931] 2016, p. 188, our translation). The state should be constituted as an entity above social
classes and divisions, acting to mitigate inequalities between social classes and coordinating its
activities according to a clear objective: "the conformation of organic society to the functions
proper to each group, so that this society can be the instrument not of man's misery and
satisfaction, but of his greatness and virtue" (DANTAS, [1934] 2016, p. 387, our translation).
For this reason, the ultimate aim of the fascist state was nationalism: "Social-nationalism wants
to concretize nationality in the state, which in turn will condition society" (DANTAS, [1931]
2016, p. 207, our translation).
With regard to political representation in the modern state, San Tiago postulated the
adoption of a political system that was not based on the abstract idea of the citizen, but which
took into account men's ties to their class and family.
When someone votes, that is, when they exercise their political rights, they do
not do so in the unrealizable incarnation of a citizen, but as a professional who
wants to protect the interests of their class and as a member of a family,
reflecting its moral designs. (...) Now, anyone who thinks that it is the classes
and families that are responsible for public government, because it is within
these natural associations that men live and act, cannot have the same ideal
concept of representation as a democrat. With it, he will want to make the state
weigh down the unitary complex of interests, ideals, principles and traditions
that make up the nation as a whole (DANTAS, [1931] 2016, p. 181-182, our
translation).
In this sense, one of the most important characteristics of the fascist model was its
"political realism" in place of liberal abstractions, which meant "a total inversion of the concept
of the state" (DANTAS, [1931] 2016, p. 274, our translation). For him, fascism represented "the
language of the clearest and most advanced political realism, postulating the need for state
intervention in labor relations, and creating attributes for the protection and coordination of
productive forces" (DANTAS, [1931] 2016, p. 274, our translation).
Like socialism, fascism was for the author profoundly anti-individualist and collectivist.
However, one of the main differences between them, apart from nationalism and the organic
conception of society, was the maintenance of property and private economic activities.